Kant’ın özgürlük nosyonu ve 301

          Düşünmek, insanoğlunun tarih boyunca kendisi ile giriştiği bir mücadeledir. İnsanın birey olma aşamasında aklına, özgürlüğüne ve kendi aydınlığına sahip çıktığı hayati bir mücadeledir. Özellikle, 301 ile ilgili yayınlanan, daha çok “ifade ve düşünce özgürlüğü” özelinde pratik ve Türkiye’nin sıcak gündemi ile yakından iniltili sorunsallara temas eden ve bu bağlamda önemli açılımlar içeren yazılara tanık olduk. Ben bu yazımda, kadim bir nosyon olan “özgürlük” kavramı ve onun felsefik kimyası üzerinde durmak istiyorum. Bu kertede, bence özgürlüğü ve özgür olma durumunu insanlığın merkezine koyan, ve Aydınlanma nosyonuna hayat veren üstad filozof Kant’tan ve onun siyaset felsefesinden bahsetmekte büyük yarar olduğu kanaatindeyim. KANTÇI YAKLAŞIM Tarihsel döngü içerisinde ortaya çıkan ve tüm insanlık tarihini farklı bağlamlarda derinden etkileyen liberalizm, sosyalizm, muhafazakârlık, milliyetçilik, demokrasi gibi özgün epistemolojik temelleri olan bu geniş yelpazedeki ideoloji ve yaşam biçimlerinin toplumsal formasyonlarda en çarpıcı gönderim noktası, özgül içeriklerde de olsa “özgürlük” kavramı ve bu kavramın özüne öne sürülen postülasyonlardır. Özgürlük ve onun değeri üzerine yoğrulan düşüncelerin çekirdeği, bizatihi özgürlüğün kendisi, onun insan aklını, dünyayı ve hayatımızı biçimlendirme, onu dönüştürme bağlamında, özgürlüğün zihnimizde yarattığı eylem alanıdır. Bu minvalde, özgürlüğün ne olduğuna dair gerek büyük tarih felsefelerince gerekse önemli düşünürler tarafından yapılan tüm ontolojik tanımlamaların temel ekseninde modernitenin en temel payandası olan “Aydınlanma” yatar. En genel anlamıyla ifade edersek Aydınlanma bir olgunluk durumudur. A.Y. Sarıbay’ın da dikkatle vurguladığı gibi “aklın özgürlüğünü simgeleyen Aydınlanma, esas itibariyle, insanın bir başkasının rehberliği olmadan kendi aklını kullanmaya muktedir oluşundan yani reşit hale gelişinden başka bir şey değildir” (2001: 9). Kant’ın modern felsefeye kazan- ( dırdığı bu yeni boyut, bireyin, onun ayırtedici özelliği olan akıl yoluyla bilgi üzerinde muktedir olma yetisini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu sayede insan ve onun aydınlanmış özgür aklı bunun bilincine vakıf olduğu takdirde kendi kaderini kendi tayin edebilecek, kendisinin efendisi olacaktır. Bu kertede, akıl bahşedilmiş bir yaratık olarak insan, özgür, özerk (otonom) ve irade sahibi olmanın bilincine erişecektir. Böyle bir aklın iradesine ve özerkliğine sahip olma ve onu yönlendirebilme özgürlüğü aynı zamanda ahlaki bir boyutu da içkin olarak barındırır. Bu ahlaki boyutun özgül yapısını bireyin hür aklındaki idealleri ve kurgusal yapıları hiçbir dünyevi çıkara ve pragmatik yönelimlere, kendi iradesi dışında oluşmuş sosyal ve tarihsel kurallara bırakmaması; aksine doğanın bireye yüklediği amaç olarak gösterilen bütün bu ampirik evreni ve bu evrenin tarihini aşabilmesi, bizatihi kendisinin bu süreçlere yön vermesi oluşturur. Ünlü Alman filozof Kant’ın da önemle vurguladığı gibi bu süreç, yani insanın kendini rasyonel, eleştirel, ahlaki ve en nihayetinde özgür bir olgun birey olarak algıladığı süreç sanıldığı kadar kolay ve pürüzsüz bir şekilde ortaya çıkmamıştır. Özgürlüğü belirlenimcilikten uzak bir biçimde anlama çabasında asıl önemli olan nokta “eski ve aşina yol işaretlerinin (geleneksel metafizik, vahiy, doğal hukuk) artık olmadığı bir dünyada yolumuzu nasıl bulabileceğimiz sorunudur.” (Booth, s.69). Ne Yapmalıyız? Özgür ve ussal varlıklar olarak, pratik amaçlarımız uyarınca ve pratik aklın sınırları dâhilinde, tarihe bir yönelim atfedebilir, onu şekillendirebilir ve tarihi aşabilme gibi bir yetkemiz olduğu tasarımını özgür aklımız sayesinde ortaya çıkarabiliriz. Bu bağlamda, özgürlüğün ontolojik parametrelerinin en başatı olan “akıl (us)” ve onun yarattığı tasarımlar, tarihi aşan idelerdir. Bu noktadan hareketle, bizi tarihe yönlendiren temel saik öğrenme arzusundan ve meraktan ziyade “ne yapmamız gerekir?” sorusuna yanıt bulma çabasıdır. Ancak bu soruya yanıt verirken tarihe olduğundan fazla bir değer yüklememek gerekir. Yani tarihin akışı içerisinde tam belirlenmiştik ve hiç belirlenmemiştik arasında yolumuzu nasıl bulacağımız kendimize sormamız gereken bir sorudur. İşte tam da bu noktada; özgürlük sorunu devreye girer. Kantçı bir perspektiften kendi kaderini tayin etme hakkı olarak vurguladığımız özgürlüğü örtülü bir fatalizmden (kadercilik) kurtarmak için yukarıda bahsettiğimiz bu iki aşırı tasarımından sıyrılmak elzemdir. Özgürlüğün ve ahlaki eylenflerimizin yarattığı bu ortam bize hem ilerlemenin hem de barış tasarımlarının bulgularını verir. Bu barış ve ilerleme tasarımlarının ampirik evrende vuku bulmaması bir olumsuzluk olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ancak bu tasarımların özgür aklımdaki varlıkları en azından toplumsal-tarihsel olguları yönlendirmemde etkili olabilirler. Tam da bu minvalde, “Aydınlanma” dediğimiz pratik ve özgür aklın ahlakiliğini kutsayan, insanı kendi yaratmış olduğu vesayetten ve dış dünyaya bağımlı olmaktan kurtaran, insanın özgürlük ve rasyonalitesinin farkına varmasıyla onu ahlaki bir olgunluğa eriştiren, modernitenin en güçlü ayağı, insanlığa unuttuğu sorumluluk hissini hatırlatmış, onu tercihlerinin, seçişlerinin ve eylemlerinin merkezine koymuştur. Özgürlüğün ana eksenini oluşturan “Aydınlanma”‘nın doğurttuğu bu ahlaki sorumluluktan kaçtığımız anda dünya bizim yönettiğimiz bir yer olmaktan çıkar ve deneyimler ve deneyler dünyası haline gelir. Bu dünyada meydana gelen her şeyi belirlenmiş olarak kabul etmemiz ve sorumluluktan kaçmamız özgürlüğümüzden vazgeçmemizi de beraberinde getirir. “301 garabetine” ilişkin tartışmalarda da- ha çarpıcı bir biçimde de görüldüğü gibi, özgürlüğün ve özgür olma durumunun ana eksenini oluşturan “Aydınlanma”‘nın doğurttuğu bu ahlaki sorumluluktan kaçtığımız anda ve kendimizi 301′in sabık koruyucularına, 301′in varlığından enerji alan, bir anlamda 301′i yaşamının ve kimliğinin tanımlayıcı unsuru haline getiren, insanın birey olma hasletiyle sahip olduğu özgürlüğü, 301′in dar, biçimsel ve pozitivist hukuk kurallarının kalıplarına sıkıştıran, irade ve aklımıza hükmetmek isteyen dünyevi, kısmi ve pragmatik yönelimli korkulara; bir anlamda bu korkuların izdüşümlerine (Kerinçsiz ve güruhu) bırakmış oluruz. Ve sonuçta, Kant’ın insanlığı uyardığı gibi; dünya bizim yönettiğimiz bir yer olmaktan çıkar ve Kerinçsiz ve Kerinçsiz gibilerinin dünyevi ve dokunulmaz dünyası haline gelir. Bundan dolayı, insanlığın kendini düşürdüğü bu esaretten ve bağımlılıktan kurtarması için “ne yapmalıyız?” sorusunu sormalı ve bunun cevabını pratik aklımızın deneyimler dünyasından bağımsız olduğu yerde aramalıdır. Böyle bir çaba için 301′i kutsayan seküler tanrılarla ve onların “sivil” koluyla mücadele etmek ve eyleme geçmek gerekiyor. Bizi eyleme geçirecek itici güç ise hür aklımız, onun dış dünyadan ve deneyden bağımsız tasarımlarının bizi yattığımız derin uykudan uyandırarak, aydınlattığı ahlaki sorumluluğun farkına varmak yani özgür olduğumuzun aslında hep özgür olduğumuzun saf ve değişmez gerçekliğine vakıf olmaktır. Böyle bir farkına varış için bir meydan okuyuş, bir cesaret elzemdir. Aslo-lan aydınlanma işte budur. * Sabancı Üniv.-SSBF, Asistan KAYNAKÇA » Booth, W.J., (1986), Interpreting the World-Kant’s Philisophy of History and Politics, Uni. Of Toronto Press, Toronto. » Kant, I. (1983), Perpetual Peace and Other Essays, çev. T. Humphery, Hackett, Indianapolis. » Sarıbay, A.Y., (2001), Postmodernite, Sivil Toplum ve islam, ALFA Basım Yayım Dağıtım Ltd.Şti., İstanbul.  Kaynak05.06.2007 Tarihli Birgün Gazetesi Ümit  KURT

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